Popular procedural markup systems usually include programming constructs, especially macros, allowing complex sets of instructions to be invoked by a simple name (and perhaps a few parameters).
Such text is often edited with the markup visible and directly manipulated by the author.
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It is assumed that software processes the text sequentially from beginning to end, following the instructions as encountered. Well-known examples include troff, TeX, and Markdown. Procedural markup Markup is embedded in text which provides instructions for programs to process the text. Properly speaking, such systems use procedural and/or descriptive markup underneath but convert it to "present" to the user as geometric arrangements of type. Such markup is usually hidden from human users, even authors and editors. Presentational markup The kind of markup used by traditional word-processing systems: binary codes embedded within document text that produce the WYSIWYG (" what you see is what you get") effect. There are three main general categories of electronic markup, articulated in Coombs, Renear, and DeRose (1987), and Bray (2003). The markup was also commonly applied by editors, proofreaders, publishers, and graphic designers, and indeed by document authors, all of whom might also mark other things, such as corrections, changes, etc. The noun markup is derived from the traditional publishing practice called "marking up" a manuscript, which involves adding handwritten annotations in the form of conventional symbolic printer's instructions - in the margins and the text of a paper or a printed manuscript.įor centuries, this task was done primarily by skilled typographers known as "markup men" or "d markers" who marked up text to indicate what typeface, style, and size should be applied to each part, and then passed the manuscript to others for typesetting by hand or machine. Furthermore, markup for human-readable texts must maintain order: it would not suffice to make each paragraph of a book into a "paragraph" record, where those records do not maintain order. This is quite different structurally from traditional databases, where it is by definition impossible to have data that is within a record but not within any field. One extremely important characteristic of most markup languages is that they allow intermingling markup with document content such as text and pictures.įor example, if a few words in a sentence need to be emphasized, or identified as a proper name, defined term, or another special item, the markup may be inserted between the characters of the sentence. That is, SGML and XML allow designers to specify particular schemas, which determine which elements, attributes, and other features are permitted, and where. HTML, like DocBook, Open eBook, JATS, and many others, is based on the markup meta-languages SGML and XML.
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Some markup languages, such as the widely used HTML, have pre-defined presentation semantics, meaning that their specifications prescribe some aspects of how to present the structured data on particular media. With the expectation that technology, such as stylesheets, will be used to apply formatting or other processing. ScribeĪnd most modern markup languages, such as XML, identify document components (for example headings, paragraphs, and tables), Older markup languages, which typically focus on typography and presentation, include Troff, TeX, and LaTeX. The idea and terminology evolved from the "marking up" of paper manuscripts (i.e., the revision instructions by editors), which is traditionally written with a red pen or blue pencil on authors' manuscripts. How it is combined with the content of the document in a way to facilitate use by humans and computer programs. Markup is often used to control the display of the document or to enrich its contentĪ markup language is a set of rules governing what markup information may be included in a document and
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The markup can be converted programmatically for display into, for example, HTML, PDF or Rich Text Format.Ī markup language is a text-encoding system consisting of a set of symbols inserted in a text document to control its structure, formatting, or the relationship between its parts. Example of RecipeBook, a simple markup language based on XML for creating recipes.
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